Propolis, also known as bee putty, is a substance used by bees to line their hives. It is made from a mixture of tree bark, resin and also secretions from the bees’ glands. As well as sealing the gaps in the hive, bee putty is used to sterilise the hive and to protect it from pathogens. Propolis has been used medicinally for centuries for its antiseptic and regenerative properties. It has been extensively researched over the years to understand its chemical composition and potential in natural medicine.
Antimicrobial properties
One of propolis’ best-known properties is its antimicrobial activity. Studies have shown that propolis has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic properties. Scientists have identified several compounds in propolis, including flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic acids, which are responsible for its antimicrobial activity. These compounds are effective against many micro-organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and the influenza virus.
Anti-inflammatory properties
Propolis also has anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that propolis can reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of cytokines and inflammatory enzymes. This property makes propolis useful in treating a wide range of inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, asthma and dermatitis.
Antioxidant action
Another property of propolis is its antioxidant activity. Propolis contains several antioxidants, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which can nullify free radicals and prevent oxidative damage. Oxidative damage is a major contributor to ageing, cancer and other chronic diseases. The antioxidant activity of propolis can help protect against these diseases and slow down the ageing process.
Immunomodulatory properties
Propolis has also been found to have immunomodulatory properties. Studies have shown that propolis can stimulate the immune system by increasing the production of immune cells and enhancing their activity. This property makes it useful in preventing and treating infections and other diseases that affect the immune system.
Wound-healing, skin lesion-healing and regenerative effects
In addition to its medicinal properties, propolis has also found use in cosmetics and body care products. It has moisturising, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it useful in the treatment of skin conditions such as acne and eczema. It is also worth using propolis extracts for wounds that are difficult to heal, or any purulent lesions. Propolis is also being researched for its potential use in oral care products, as it has been found to have antibacterial properties against bacteria that cause tooth decay and periodontal disease.